CANADA

Canada is a North American country stretching from the U.S. in the south to the Arctic Circle in the north. Major cities include massive Toronto, west coast film centre Vancouver, French-speaking Montréal and Québec City, and capital city Ottawa. Canada's vast swaths of wilderness include lake-filled Banff National Park in the Rocky Mountains. It's also home to Niagara Falls, a famous group of massive waterfalls.

Capital: Ottawa

Dialing code: +1

Population: 36.29 million (2016) World Bank

Prime minister: Justin Trudeau

The provinces and territories of Canada

The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second-largest country by area.

The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act, 1867), whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada. The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the Government of Canada (the federal government) and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment, whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government.

In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be sovereign within certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government within the Constitution Act 1867, and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian "Crown", the lieutenant governor. The territories are not sovereign, but instead their authorities and responsibilities come directly from the federal level, and as a result have a commissioner instead of a lieutenant governor.

Government:

Representative democracy, Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary system, Federal monarchy

Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's southern border with the United States is the world's longest bi-national land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, many near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, and its largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.

Various indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Beginning in the 16th century, the British and French established colonies, the first being the colony of Canada established by France in 1535. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, British North America gained and lost territory until, by the late 18th century, it controlled most of what comprises Canada today. On July 1, 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were federated to form the semi-autonomous federal Dominion named Canada. This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming contemporary Canada. In 1931, Canada achieved near-total independence from the United Kingdom with the Statute of Westminster 1931, except for the power to amend its constitution. With the Constitution Act of 1982, Canada took over that authority (as the conclusion of Patriation).

Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the tenth-largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.

Canada is a developed country and has the fifteenth-highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the tenth-highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education. Canada is a realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, a member of the Francophonie, and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the G7 (formerly G8), the Group of Ten, the G20, the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.

Former Prime Ministers of Canada in order of their first assumption of office:

• Joe Clark (1979–1980)
• John Turner (1984)
• Brian Mulroney (1984–1993)
• Kim Campbell (1993)
• Jean Chrétien (1993–2003)
• Paul Martin (2003–2006)
• Stephen Harper (2006–2015)

Current Prime Minister of Canada-Justin Trudeau:

Justin Pierre James Trudeau PC MP (born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician. He is the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Liberal Party. The second youngest prime minister after Joe Clark, he is also, as the eldest son of former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, the first to be related to a previous holder of the post.

Born in Ottawa, Trudeau attended Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf and graduated from McGill University in 1994 and the University of British Columbia in 1998. He gained a high public profile in October 2000, when he delivered a eulogy at his father's state funeral.[5] After graduating, he worked as a teacher in Vancouver, British Columbia. He completed one year of an engineering program at Montreal's ÉcolePolytechnique before quitting in 2003. In 2005 he began a master's degree in environmental geography at McGill University but quit after one year. He used his public profile to advocate for various causes and acted in the 2007 TV miniseries The Great War.[6]

Eight years after his father's death, Trudeau entered politics. In the 2008 federal election, he was elected to represent the riding of Papineau in the House of Commons. In 2009, he was appointed the Liberal Party's critic for youth and multiculturalism, and the following year, became critic for citizenship and immigration. In 2011, he was appointed as critic for secondary education and youth and amateur sport. Trudeau won the leadership of the Liberal Party in April 2013 and went on to lead his party to victory in the 2015 federal election, moving the 3rd-placed Liberals from 36 seats to 184 seats, the largest-ever numerical increase by a party in a Canadian election.

Facts about Canada. Want to know more about Canada?

• Canada is the second largest country in the world, right after Russia.
• Canada is the World's Most Educated Country: over half its residents have college degrees.
• Canada's lowest recorded temperature was -81.4 degrees Fahrenheit (-63 C) in 1947.
• Canada has more lakes than the rest of the world's lakes combined. Ontario, Canada, has more than 250,000 lakes. They contain about 1/5 of the world's fresh water.
• Canada consumes more macaroni and cheese than any other nation in the world.
• Prostitution is legal in Canada. Buying the services of a prostitute is not.
• License plates in the Canadian Northwest Territories are shaped like polar bears.
• Canada has the longest coastline of any country in the world at 243,977 kilometers – 151,600 miles.
• With 1,896 km (1,178 mi), the Yonge Street in Canada, is the longest street in the world
• The U.S. / Canada Border is the longest international border in the world and it lacks military defense.
• Canada's official phone number is 1-800-O-CANADA
• Police Departments in Canada give out "positive tickets" when they see people doing something positive
• Canada has the third largest oil reserves of any country in the world after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela
• In Canada, Mexico, India, Russia and Israel, bank notes have Braille-like markings on them for the blind.
• Canada consumes the most doughnuts and has the most doughnut shops per capita of any country in the world.
• The North American Beaver is the national animal of Canada.
• There's a service called "Cleaning for a Reason" in the U.S. and Canada that cleans the houses of women with cancer for free so they can focus on their health
• The Canadian Province of Alberta has been rat-free for over 50 years.
• After Paris, Montreal is the largest French speaking city in the world.
• Based on Statistics Canada, 6.8 million Canadians are foreign born. That is 20.6% or 1 out of 5 are born out of the country. This is the highest number of any G8 country.
• Canada produces 77% of the world's maple syrup. 91% comes from Quebec alone.
• Practically everything is written in English and French. Although, 6.5 million Canadians speak another language in addition to English and French.
• 60% of the world's polar bear population of approximately 25,000 live in Canada
• The name Canada is from the Iroquoian language meaning, "village." When French explorer Jacques Cartier was invited by the Iroquois to their village "kanata," he thought that was the name of the country.
• The capital of Canada is Ottawa, the second coldest capital in the world.
• Canada has six time zones.
• Half of the country is covered with forests, which should come as no surprise considering one-tenth of the world’s forests are here
• The highest mountain in Canada is Mount Logan, Yukon Territory, 5959 metres (19,551 feet).
• Ocean Falls, British Columbia has on average 330 days of rain per year.
• Estevan, Saskatchewan is reportedly the sunniest place in Canada with 2,537 hours of sunshine per year.
• Calgary is famous for its’ Chinooks – a weather phenomenon that can raise the temperature by 10 degrees in a matter of minutes.
• Canadians like to finish a sentence with the word eh. The famous Canadian interjection "eh" is actually listed in the Canadian Oxford Dictionary as a valid word.
• Ice hockey, football and baseball are Canadians favorite spectator sports.
• The English version of Canada’s National Anthem – O Canada – was written by Robert Stanley Weir for the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation in 1927.
• The National Flag of Canada came into being in 1965 to replace the Union Jack. It is an 11 pointed red maple leaf on a white square.
• There are 459 cars for every 1000 people.
• Toronto’s Rogers Centre, formerly known as the SkyDome, is home to the largest Sony big screen in the world, measuring 10 m x 33.6 m.
• The Hotel de Glace in Quebec is built every year using 400 tons of ice and 12 000 tons of snow. Every summer it melts away, only to be rebuilt the following winter.
• Underneath the city of Toronto, is a system of pedestrian walkways called PATH connecting 1200 stores and restaurants, 50 office towers, 20 parking garages, 5 subway stations and a railway station. With 30 km of walkways, it is the largest underground shopping complex according to the Guinness World Records.
• No cows in Canada are given artificial hormones for milk production. Which means no dairy products, like milk, cheese, or yogurt, produced in Canada contain hormones either!
• Canada's post office receives millions of letters addressed to "Santa Claus, North Pole" each year. They respond to each one as Mrs. Claus. They've claimed the address "Santa Claus, North Pole, H0H 0H0.
• Manitoba has the largest concentration of snakes in the world. Around 70,000 snakes, particularly red-sided garter snakes, emerge in May as they come out of hibernation. For those with ophidiophobia (fear of snakes), stay away! On the other hand, there are no snakes on the island of Newfoundland.
• Many of Canada’s national parks are bigger than countries. Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta is larger than Denmark and Switzerland.
• Poutine is a popular food in Canada.
• The Canadian motto, A Mari Usque ad Mare, means "From sea to sea.
• The regent of England, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is the Canadian head of state.
• Residents of Churchill, Canada, leave their cars unlocked to offer an escape for pedestrians who might encounter Polar Bears.
• The most common last name in Canada is "Li".
• There's an area in the Hudson Bay region has less gravity than the rest of the planet.
• Canada has been invaded twice by Americans - both in 1775 and 1812.They lost both times.
• In Newfoundland,Canada, the Atlantic ocean sometimes freezes,So people play hockey on it.
• Canada is the most peaceful country on earth. Canada has no weapons of mass destruction since 1984 and has signed treaties repudiating their possession.
• Canada has only 198 Jails. Canada has the world’s smallest jail – in Rodney, Ontario; it’s only 24.3 square metres (270 square feet).
• According to the U.N.Human Development Index,Canada has the highest quality of life in the world.
• The Trans-Canada highway crosses Canada and is 7,821 Km long.
• 20% of the world’s fresh water is in Canada.
• More than 80% of the population lives within 150 miles of the US border.
• 2.4 million Caribou(Reindeer) live in Canada.
• The Average age of the Canadian is 40.6
• Despite being a huge country, Canada has the fourth lowest population density in the world, with only three people living per square kilometer. Canada has fewer people than Tokyo's metropolitan area.

TOP ATTRACTIONS IN CANADA

• Icefields Parkway
• Lake Louise
• Jasper Provincial Park
• Fort Calgary Historic Park
• Athabasca Glacier
• Calgary Zoo
• Rocky Mountains
• Kicking Horse River
• Moraine Lake
• Takakkaw Falls
• Tunnel Mountain Drive
• Victoria Glacier
• Canada Olympic Park
• Maligne Canyon
• Spiral Tunnels
• Medicine Lake
• Peyto Lake
• Via Ferrata
• Sulphur Mountain
• Mt Edith Cavell
• Bow Lake
• Crowfoot Glacier
• Johnston Canyon
• Stanley Glacier
• Yellowhead Pass
• Yoho National Park
• Kananaskis River
• Columbia Icefield
• Banff Gondola
• Glacier Skywalk
• Athabasca River
• Lake Minnewanka
• Maligne Lake
• Jasper SkyTram
• Royal Tyrrell Museum
• Atlas Coal Mine
• Heritage Park
• Athabasca Falls
• West Edmonton Mall
• Calaway Park
• Calgary Tower
• Glenbow Museum
• Aero Space Museum of Calgary
• Banff Upper Hot Springs
• Bow Falls
• Calgary Stampede
• Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
• Banff National Park, Alberta
• Cave and Basin National Historic Site
• Fraser River
• Kicking Horse Mountain Resort
• Medalta
• Miette Hot Springs
• Mount Robson
• Mt Assiniboine
• Mt Norquay
• Sunshine Village
• Sunwapta Falls
• TELUS Spark Science Center
• Yamnuska Wolfdog Sanctuary
• Lethbridge Japanese Gardens
• Dinosaur Provincial Park

• Pacific Rim National Park
• Grouse Mountain
• Whistler-Blackcomb Mountains
• Dr Sun Yat-Sen Chinese Garden
• Capilano Suspension Bridge Park
• Granville Island
• Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
• Robson Street
• Victoria Beacon Hill Park
• Stanley Park
• Whistler Fairmont Chateau
• Okanagan Valley
• Victoria Bug Zoo
• Miniature World
• Butchart Gardens
• Squamish Lil'wat Cultural Center
• Vancouver Cruise Port
• Craigdarroch Castle
• Peak 2 Peak Gondola
• Britannia Mine Museum
• Sea to Sky Gondola
• Green Lake
• Vancouver Police Museum
• Vancouver Maritime Museum
• Grouse Mountain Refuge for Endangered Wildlife
• Capilano Salmon Hatchery
• Olympic Village
• Canada Place
• Downtown Vancouver
• Royal British Columbia Museum
• False Creek
• Victoria Cruise Port
• Yaletown
• Victoria Chinatown
• Library Square
• Victoria Inner Harbour
• Vancouver Art Gallery
• Bloedel Floral Conservatory
• English Bay
• Abkhazi Garden
• Alexander Falls
• BC Place Stadium
• Bowen Island
• Brandywine Falls
• British Columbia Legislature Buildings
• Brockton Point
• Callaghan Lake Provincial Park
• Cleveland Dam
• Fort Langley National Historic Site
• Gulf Islands
• Harrison River
• HR Macmillan Space Centre
• Museum of Anthropology
• Porteau Cove Provincial Park
• Queen Elizabeth Park
• Race Rocks
• Rocky Mountaineer Train
• Shannon Falls
• Stawamus Chief Provincial Park
• Victoria Butterfly Gardens
• Barkerville Historic Town
• Lynn Canyon Park
• Royal British Columbia Museum
• Science World

• Manitoba Museum
• Manitoba Children's Museum
• Leo Mol Sculpture Garden
• Polar bear watching, Manitoba

• Mount Carleton
• Acadian Historical Village
• New Brunswick Museum
• Bay of Fundy
• Metepenagiag Heritage Park
• Reversing Falls
• Saint John City Market
• Hopewell Rocks

• Pippy Park
• Railway Coastal Museum
• Johnson Geo Centre
• Bowring Park
• Cape Bonavista Lighthouse
• Newfoundland Puffin and Whale Watch Cruise
• Trinity Bay Whale Watching Tour

• Nahanni National Park
• Yellowknife Snowking's Winter Festival
• Yellowknife Helicopter Tour
• Northern Lights (aurora borealis)

• Cabot Trail
• Annapolis Valley
• Peggy’s Cove
• Halifax Seaport Farmer’s Market
• Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
• Oak Island
• Old Town Clock
• Point Pleasant Park
• Province House
• Citadel National Historic Site
• Fairview Lawn Cemetery
• Glooscap Heritage Centre & Mi'kmaq Museum
• Halifax Citadel
• Museum of Natural History
• Cape Breton Highlands National Park

• Niagara Falls
• Bird Kingdom Niagara Falls
• Harbourfront Centre
• CN Tower
• Skylon Tower
• Ripley's Believe It or Not! Niagara Falls
• Canadian Aviation and Space Museum
• Canadian War Museum
• Fallsview Indoor Waterpark
• Royal Ontario Museum
• Ottawa Parliament Hill
• National Gallery of Canada
• Ottawa Notre Dame Basilica (Basilique-Cathédrale Notre-Dame)
• Canadian Museum of History
• Gatineau Park
• Toronto Islands
• Toronto Harbor
• Casa Loma
• Ripley's Aquarium Of Canada
• Niagara Falls IMAX Theatre
• Niagara SkyWheel
• Movieland Wax Museum of the Stars
• Toronto Chinatown
• Louis Tussaud's Waxworks
• Canada’s Wonderland
• Bata Shoe Museum
• Legoland Discovery Centre Toronto
• African Lion Safari
• Algonquin Provincial Park
• Georgian Bay Islands National Park
• Royal Canadian Regiment Museum
• St Catharines
• Niagara Parks Butterfly Conservatory
• Art Gallery of Ontario
• Brock's Monument National Historic Site
• Confederation Square
• Floral Clock
• Fort York
• Gibraltar Point Lighthouse
• Great Canadian Midway
• High Park
• Humber Bay Park
• Little India
• Marineland
• Nightmares Fear Factory
• Ontario Place
• Ontario Science Centre
• Ripley's Moving Theater
• Rogers Centre
• Royal Botanical Gardens
• Royal Canadian Mint
• Sugar Beach
• Toronto Eaton Centre
• Toronto Little Italy
• Toronto Zoo
• Whirlpool Aero Car
• White Water Walk
• Yonge-Dundas Square
• The Air Canada Centre
• Fort Henry
• Rideau Canal
• Parliament Buildings, Ottawa
• Lady Dive Tours, Ottawa
• Tyler-Dunn-Guiding, Sault Ste. Marie

• Green Gables
• Confederation Bridge
• Cavendish Beach
• Covehead Lighthouse
• Dunes Studio Gallery
• Confederation Centre of the Arts
• Victoria Park

• Historic Quebec City
• Notre-Dame Basilica
• Mount Royal
• Montmorency Falls
• Place Royale
• Ville-Marie
• St Lawrence River
• Bonsecours Market
• Champ-de-Mars
• St Paul Street (Rue St-Paul)
• Place d'Armes
• Grevin Wax Museum (MuseeGrevin)
• Citadel of Quebec (Citadelle de Quebec)
• Old Port of Montreal
• Montreal Cruise Port
• Montreal Tower Observatory
• Biodome de Montreal
• Underground City
• Montreal Chinatown
• Olympic Park
• St Joseph’s Oratory of Mount Royal
• Dorchester Square
• Artillery Park National Historic Site
• Hôtel de Glace
• Jacques Cartier Place
• Lachine Canal (Canal de Lachine)
• Montreal Biosphere
• Montreal City Hall
• Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art (Muséed'ArtContemporain)
• Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (Musée des Beaux-Arts)
• Montreal Science Centre
• Mont Tremblant
• Musée de la Civilisation
• Musée du Fort
• Museum of French America (Musée de l'Amérique Francophone)
• National Museum of Fine Arts (Musée National des Beaux-Arts)
• Orleans Island (Ile d'Orleans)
• Place des Arts
• Pointe-à-Callière Museum
• Quebec City Cruise Port
• Saguenay–St Lawrence Marine Park
• Saguenay–St Lawrence Marine Park
• St Patrick's Basilica
• Ecomuseum Zoo
• Montreal Botanical Gardens
• Old Port, Montreal

• Saskatchewan Legislative Building
• Wanuskewin Heritage Park
• 3 Flags Motorsports Park
• MacKenzie Art Gallery
• Apex Trampoline Park
• Art Gallery of Regina
• Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park
• Battlefords River Valley Visitor Centre
• Beaver Creek Conservation Area
• Big Buffalo Beach
• Big Rock Buffalo Rubbing Stone - Swarthmore Church Site
• Boomers Air Park
• Border City Petting Zoo
• Prince Albert National Park
• Fort Walsh National Historic Site
• Moose Jaw
• Qu'Appelle Valley

• S.S. Klondike National Historic Site
• Takhini Hot Springs
• Emerald Lake
• Copperbelt Railway & Mining Museum
• Kluane National Park
• Miles Canyon
• Whitehorse Fishway
• Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre
• Yukon Wildlife Preserve
• Signpost-Forest

Average Hourly Wages in Canada in 2017

The minimum wage rate applicable in regard to employees under federal jurisdiction is the general adult minimum rate of the province or territory where the employee is usually employed

On April 1 of each year, this rate increases by an amount corresponding to the annual increase for the preceding year in the Consumer Price Index for the city of Whitehorse.

Note: In most jurisdictions, these rates also apply to young workers.

This is a list of the 55 largest public companies in Canada by profit as of 2013.

References - "Top 1000: Exclusive rankings of Canada's most profitable companies". The Globe and Mail. June 28, 2013.

Best universities in Canada by reputation: 2017 ranking

Best colleges and institutes in Canada

• VCAD Visual College of Art and Design
• InternationalMasters Program for Managers
• CDI College
• Reeves College
• Vancouver Career College
• LaSalle College Vancouver
• Inter-Dec College
• Montreal International Language Centre
• LaSalle College Montreal
• Nimbus School of Recording & Media
• Whistler Adventure School
• HEC Montréal Business Language Training Center
• Academy Of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences (AAPS)
• EcoleSupérieureOuverte à Distance
• Pacific Rim College
• Centre for Arts and Technology
• Canadian College Of Massage & Hydrotherapy
• Inlingua Victoria College of Languages and Careers
• Laurentide Aviation
• London Language Institute
• Smartly
• King George International Business College
• St.Thomas Flight Centre
• IONISx Executive education
• Unitelma Sapienza
• Centennial College
• Sault College
• The Centre for Digital Media - The CDM
• Confederation College
• Le Cordon Bleu Ottawa
• Greystone College
• Alexander College
• Aveda Institute Canada
• Cégep de Sept-Îles
• Keyin College
• City Colleges - Online Learning
• Saskatchewan Polytechnic
• In Focus Film School
• Medicine Hat College
• Douglas College
• Camber College
• College Boreal
• Montreal College of Information Technology
• Morgan International
• Canadian College
• CampusCanada
• ESMAC :ÉcoleSupérieure des Métiers des Arts appliqués et de la Culture
• INEAD
• Think Tank Training Centre
• Focus Education Centre of Canada
• Montreal Technical College (MTC)
• ENACO
• Fleming College
• APLUS Institute
• Bow Valley College
• Sprott Shaw College
• Via Training Centre
• IBT College
• Vancouver Film School – VFS
• Faculty of Education University of Ontario Institute of Technology
• Carleton University, Faculty of Engineering and Design
• Fanshawe College
• Cambridge Marketing College
• Telfer School of Management
• triOS College
• Ashton College
• EC Language Centres
• Executive Hotel Management College
• Eurocentres - Language schools
• NYIT-Vancouver
• Sandermoen School of Business
• Adler School of Professional Psychology
• NSCAD University - Nova Scotia College of Art and Design
• Aeres University of Applied Sciences
• Humber College Institute of Technology & Advanced Learning
• Université Laval – Faculty of Business

Must-Experience Festivals in Canada

Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)

(Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan)

Population by year, by province and territory (Number)

Note: Population as of July 1.

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 051-0001.

Canada’s Richest People 2016: The Top 25 Richest Canadians

The Power List: Canada’s Most Powerful Business People 2017